![]() ![]() ![]() It granted relief from required acts of atonement and penance and also promised people they would reach heaven earlier if they joined a Crusade. Additionally, the Church used its spiritual authority to recruit believers. Problems between popes and kings helped to strengthen the intention of the Roman Catholic Church to take control. Politics formed the conduct of the Crusades. The combination of social, religious, and economic pressures resulted in a series of European military campaigns known as the Crusades. Also, merchants wanted unlimited access to trade routes through the Middle East. Landed nobles saw a military campaign as a way to divert the ambitions of these restless nobles as well as unemployed peasants, who usually pillaged the lands of neighboring lords. Rules of primogeniture left a generation of younger sons with little access to land and wealth. After some time, the power of these two legislatives bodies in England became stronger than other similar bodies on the European continent. In 1265, the first full parliamentary meeting took place and the House of Lords represented the nobles and Church hierarchy, while the House of Commons contained the elected representatives of wealthy townspeople. These innovations increased the rights of the English nobility, but not the general population. The first English Parliament was created in 1265. The nobles also won the right to be consulted on the dispute of scutage (a form of tax placed on a knight who wanted to "buy out" of military service). They pressured King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 (see definition). These specific nobles were responsible for limits on that power in England. Many nobles objected to the power of William and the succeeding Norman monarchs. William used a tightly organized feudal system, using royal sheriffs as his administrative officials. William the Conqueror successfully invaded England giving him kingdoms on both sides of the English Channel. ![]()
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